{"id":623,"date":"2022-03-24T10:24:33","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T10:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kerndd.live-website.com\/?page_id=623"},"modified":"2023-07-25T18:13:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-25T18:13:32","slug":"reconstruction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kernd.de\/en\/rueckbau\/","title":{"rendered":"Dismantling"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Dismantling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Residual materials in dismantling<\/a><\/p>

60 seconds dismantling<\/a><\/p>

NPP dismantling<\/a><\/p>

Four dismantling phases<\/a><\/p>

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KKW-R\u00fcckau: Dealing with residual materials<\/a><\/p>

Decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear power plants<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Dismantling of conventional and nuclear structures<\/a><\/p>

Reorganisation of financing<\/a><\/p>

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Following the accelerated phase-out of the use of nuclear energy to generate electricity in Germany, the task of dismantling nuclear power plants has come to the fore. The aim is to safely and efficiently dismantle the power plant site so that it can be renaturalised or used for other purposes. The decommissioning of a shut-down nuclear power plant is provided for in the Atomic Energy Act and the costs are borne by the operator of the power plant. A separate licence is required for dismantling, which is issued by the nuclear supervisory authority.<\/p>

Immediately after the shutdown of a nuclear power plant, the spent fuel elements are still in the plant, which is managed in post-operation with its existing operating licence. This post-operational phase usually lasts around four to five years, during which the fuel elements are removed from the plant to the on-site interim storage facility and plant components that are required for power operation can be dismantled. These may include cooling towers, machine transformers or the turbines and generator in pressurised water reactors. Various components can also be removed from the reactor building and decontamination work can take place in preparation for dismantling.<\/p><\/div>

In common parlance, \"decommissioning\" is often equated with \"shutting down\". In fact, decommissioning, as defined by the Atomic Energy Act, usually only begins several years after the final shutdown of the plant, as the necessary authorisation procedure with public participation must first be completed. The same applies to other nuclear facilities such as research reactors and facilities for the supply and disposal of nuclear fuel.<\/div><\/div><\/div>

The centrepiece of decommissioning is the dismantling of the nuclear part of the plant and the management of radioactive waste. Decommissioning is a technically and organisationally demanding task and requires specific expertise. There is already extensive experience in Germany and abroad, both in terms of planning and implementation as well as special techniques for decontamination and the dismantling of plant components.\u00a0<\/p>

The dismantling of nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities is not new territory in Germany: three nuclear power plants and a number of other nuclear facilities have already been completely dismantled. Larger commercial nuclear power plants at the Stade, Obrigheim, M\u00fclheim-K\u00e4rlich and Greifswald sites are also being dismantled, while nuclear dismantling has already been completed at the W\u00fcrgassen site. Of the nuclear power plants that lost their authorisation to operate with the 13th amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 2011, five plants received their decommissioning and dismantling licences: Isar 1, Neckarwestheim 1, Philippsburg 1, Biblis A and B.<\/p>

The aim of decommissioning is generally to completely dismantle the plant down to the so-called \"greenfield site\" or an unrestricted subsequent utilisation of the power plant site. Nuclear dismantling following the post-operational phase is estimated to take around 10 to 15 years, at the end of which conventional demolition will take place if the buildings are not reused. The techniques for dismantling are tried and tested, experienced specialist personnel are available and the authorisation and management of decommissioning are carried out according to established procedures. As a result, there are no specific risks to the population, the environment or personnel during the dismantling of nuclear power plants.<\/p><\/div>

The plant operators have recognised provisions for the costs of post-operation, dismantling, demolition, conditioning and packaging of radioactive waste. Operational and financial responsibility for these tasks and the provisions set aside for them will remain with the operators of the nuclear power plants even after the reorganisation of the financing of nuclear waste management in 2017. In contrast, responsibility for the interim storage of both spent fuel assemblies in the on-site interim storage facilities and low- and intermediate-level waste in the waste storage facilities at the sites will be transferred to the federal government on 1 January 2019 and 1 January 2020 respectively, which will operate the interim storage facilities through the Federal Company for Interim Storage. The funds for this task, among others, were transferred from the operators to the federally owned foundation \"Fonds zur Finanzierung der kerntechnischen Entsorgung\" at the beginning of July 2017.<\/div><\/div><\/div>

However, the vast majority of the materials produced during dismantling can be recycled or conventionally landfilled. The breakdown of the material flows into the categories of radioactive waste, waste requiring landfill and recyclable residues is shown in a\u00a0<\/span>Release proceduren<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>in accordance with the Radiation Protection Act.<\/p>

The plan is to transport the low and intermediate level waste to the Konrad repository, which is currently being built and should be available in the mid-twenties. The spent fuel elements are to be deposited in a repository for high-level radioactive waste, for which a site is currently being sought. It is currently not possible to reliably estimate when such a repository will be ready for operation.<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\"\"Low and intermediate-level waste in particular is very diverse in terms of chemical composition and consistency. In order to safely package all types of this radioactive waste, various conditioning processes and facilities are available. The ultimate aim is to fulfil the acceptance requirements for the future Konrad repository.<\/p>

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<\/b>Liquid waste can be evaporated or cemented. Solid waste is crushed, dried, incinerated, melted, compacted (= compressed) or cemented. If the waste has been processed into solid waste products (such as pellets or concentrates), it is packaged in standardised containers approved for this purpose. It is important that the waste and containers comply with the specifications. Different types of radioactive waste may be packaged together, but a reaction between the waste types, the fixative (usually concrete) and the packaging must be ruled out as far as possible.<\/p>

Containers for the (final) storage of low and intermediate level waste<\/h2>

There are three different types of tanks, which are available in numerous variants: cylindrical concrete tanks, cylindrical cast iron tanks and containers.<\/p>

The cylindrical concrete containers are generally used for fixed waste and can be made of normal or heavy concrete. Drums with radioactive waste in the size of 200 or 400 litres are placed in them. Cavities are then filled with concrete.<\/p>

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Cylindrical cast iron containers are mostly used for packaging loose waste. Depending on the requirements, different dimensions and wall thicknesses are available for shielding.<\/p>

Containers are large cuboid containers made of steel, reinforced concrete or a cast material, which are available in different sizes and with different wall thicknesses. Depending on the type, drums or components can be loaded into the containers. Here too, the cavities are usually filled with concrete. Finally, all container types are permanently sealed with a lid.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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During the dismantling of nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities, many different materials (e.g. cables and cable insulation, pump housings, concrete rubble, reinforcements) are produced from the various plant areas. Larger parts of nuclear power plants are generally not exposed to radioactive contamination or activation, such as the operational cooling system (condensers, cooling towers), the turbine house in pressurised water reactors, emergency power systems, administrative buildings, workshops, etc.<\/p>

In the context of decommissioning and dismantling, these areas can be released from nuclear monitoring by the supervisory authority without a release procedure in accordance with the authorisation requirements. As with other industrial plants, commercial or residential buildings, dismantling and demolition work is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act, the applicable building regulations, immission control regulations, hazardous substances regulations, etc.<\/p>

The dismantling of facilities and buildings from the controlled area is subject to nuclear supervision in addition to the above-mentioned provisions. The handling of these material flows is regulated in the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV) with the clearance procedure according to \u00a7 29. A distinction is made between three categories of residual materials\/waste:<\/p>